A Filipino American weekly. Under martial law there were widespread excesses and human rights abuses, even while the regime reduced violent urban crime, collected unregistered firearms, and suppressed communist insurgency in some areas;[76] Liliosa Hilao was the first murder victim under Martial Law. Following Marcoss declaration of Martial Law in 1972, thousands of Filipino. Amnesty International continues to call for truth, justice and reparations to be afforded for all victims of martial law, including continued efforts from the government to go after all those responsible of the atrocities committed during martial law. Marcos was then actually fighting on two frontsthe communist takeover of the establishment, and the Muslim rebellion.With the declaration of Martial Law, the Did Marcos antedate the proclamation? Im talking to her at night, / the earliest hour of her death. Because, thats exactly how many years Philippine strong man Ferdinand Marcos added to his tenure after declaring Martial Law in 1972. He teaches Philippine Studies courses at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City. In the first 9 months of 1983 alone, the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines had reported at least 191 cases of salvaging, a number that may have been grossly underestimated and underreported because of the lack of trained and willing documenters during the period. We would like to collect information during your visit to help us better understand site use. The MV Karagatan event also affected President Marcos immensely. Marcos also forcibly took hold of businesses owned by families of his rivals and criticsamong them the TV network ABS-CBN, the power firm Manila Electric Company (Meralco), and banks such as the First United Bankand handed them to his cronies. Martial law is a neutral concept. [86], After martial law was declared, critics of the government were arrested, which included then Senators Benigno Aquino Jr. and Ramon Diokno, and Manila journalistsManila Times publisher Chino Roces and columnist, Max Soliven; Manila Chronicle publisher Eugenio Lopez Jr. and his editor Amando Doronila; Philippines Free publisher-editor Teodoro Locsn Sr. and his staff writer, Napoleon Rama; and Press Foundation of Asia joint executive Juan L. [15] On May 23, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all rebel Filipino military forces and established a dictatorial government with himself styled as "Dictator" instead of "President" as in his previous "Republic of the Philippines". [2], Martial law has historically been implemented through the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies,[1][6] serving as the head of state's primary tool for implementing political power[1] in a reversal of the normal practice of civilian control of the military. 99-16: The Political Economy of PhilippinesChina Relations", "Arroyo declares martial law in Maguindanao province", "Full text: Arroyo's declaration of martial law in Maguindanao", "20 militiamen arrested in Maguindanao raid police", "330,000 rounds of ammo recovered in Maguindanao raid", "Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao", "Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao", "Duterte says his martial law to be similar to Marcos time", "Philippine President Duterte eyes nationwide martial law", "Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools", "Soldiers under probe for alleged looting in Marawi", Construction of "edifice complex" projects, Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship, Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship, Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family, Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal, Presidential Commission on Good Government, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years, Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan, Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1141072303, Use Philippine English from September 2022, All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English, Articles containing Filipino-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. was a response to various leftist and rightist plots against the Marcos administration; was just the consequence of political decay after American-style democracy failed to take root in Philippine society; and. The new Communist Party of the Philippines was established in 1968, and was able to form an armed wing in 1969 by allying with Hukbalahap commander Bernabe Buscayno to create New People's Army. Authorized military government in the Philippines, This article is about several periods of martial law in the Philippines. The government is on top of things. The panic and hunger that will rise in you when you see another of your kind, even though together you unlock a different loneliness in your contained camaraderie. 292 provincial radio stations. According to the 1986 edition of RR Philippine Almanac: Book of Facts, there was martial law in Nueva Ecija on January 7, 1946. It seems there is a check list of events that need to happen to justify the declaration of Martial Law. When he declared the martial law in 1972, Marcos claimed that he had done so in response to the communist threat posed by the newly founded Communist Party Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public. Twenty militiamen were arrested on the premises. The death sentence was never carried out by the Marcos government. [88] Prisoners were placed in small detention cells unfit for human living conditions, often shared with other detainees. People who were displaced lost access to their livelihood and properties, and had no access to adequate housing, safe drinking water and sanitation in their places of relocation. The rally was attended by more than 30 civic, religious, labor, student, and activist groups [] [and] a crowd of 30,000, and received coverage from newspapers, radio, and television.[9]. Ninoy exclaimed, Marcos is following a script. [65] The third rationalization arose from the administration's propaganda, which portrayed Marcos as a hypermasculine or ultranationalist figure able to compel the obedience of supposedly "spoiled" Filipinos. Mijares also mentioned in his book that Marcos said as much in an address to a conference of historians, in January 1973. On January 2, 1942, after Manila was captured, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Forces Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma proclaimed martial law in all occupied areas. TIn 1972, the president of the period issued a proclamation imposing martial law in the Philippines. 1081: PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law", "Enrile apologizes to Martial Law victims, blames 'unlucid intervals', "Philippines Martial law history geography", "Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed", "LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos", https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1985/jul1985/gr_l61388_1985.html, "ASIAN JOURNAL a San Diego original. The replay of the original speech in full was the way President Marcos was going to use a series of bombings in Metro Manila, including the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing, as a justification for his takeover and subsequent authoritarian rule. [18] On June 23 another decree signed by Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government, with himself styled as "President" again. the 1970 PMA armory raid saw the capture rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition by NPA forces when Philippine Military Academy instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz defected from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and joined the NPA. He launched two online publications: the hyperlocal Queens7.com, and the immigration rights advocate ImmigraNation. "[38], The political and economic unrest of the early 1970s continued throughout the three and a half years of Marcos' second term, just as rumors proliferated that he would try to remain in power beyond the two terms allowed him by the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines. Bonner, Raymond, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. On September 23, 1972, forty-eight years ago today, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation 1081, imposing martial law on the country. Marcos was elected in 1965 and was reelected in 1969. Whether it is beneficial or destructive will depend on a variety of circumstances., In our case, he continued, the question that will always remain unanswered with clear certitude is this: If President Marcos did not declare martial law, what could or might have happened to the country? 1081, placing the entire country under Martial Law, placing the signing at around 3 a.m. on September 23. His appeasement policy meant giving in to Hitlers territorial demands. President Marcos imposed martial law on the nation from 1972 to 1981 to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover following a series of bombings in Manila. However, many farmers and residents who were forced to leave their homes claim that the true intent was to displace them from their land so that corporations or government officials may gain access and use of said lands. All of the dates they considered either ended in seven or were divisible by seven, as Marcos considered seven his lucky number. [91] Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but Benigno Aquino Jr. was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. There is no reason to panic. On September 12, 1972, Marcos announced that he was studying the use of extraordinary presidential powers to arrest the communist threat to the country. That is why declaring martial law became a necessity for Marcos, Sr.to remain in power, to continue to plunder the Philippine economy and to suppress the growing opposition to his rule. The result was systematic miseducation. (New York: Union Square Publications, 1986), p. 54. Marcoss wife, Imelda, constructed vanity projects, such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Manila Film Palace. Martial law refers to the replacement of civil rule by military rule. Your email address will not be published. After that, Marcos called a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC). Based on fossil records and current data, scientists have determined that we are already losing a substantial number of species within a shortgeological period, suggesting that we may be on the verge of a sixth mass extinction. But what to do? Moreover, many of the detainees were subjected to torture and inhumane treatment. 1959, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially placed Maguindanao province under a state of martial law, thereby suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. Presidential Spokesperson Ernesto Abella said the declaration was possible given the "existence of rebellion," while Foreign Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano explained that the step was taken with of "the safety, the lives and property of people of Mindanao" in mind. Under martial law, the country was plunged into a climate of repression and plunder and then into social crisis that exploded in the 1980s, it added. Mrs. Marcos was also infamous for her lavish shopping sprees. Marcos invited the leaders of the opposition to the national security meeting. Juan Ponce Enrile was ambushed near Wack-Wack at about 8:00 pm tonight. Poverty was at an all-time high. Opposition figures of the time, such as Lorenzo Taada, Jose Diokno, and Jovito Salonga, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his reign beyond the two presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution. On September 22, 1972, a day after the final speech of Ninoy Aquino, newspapers still came out: they featured the rally held the previous day in Plaza Miranda. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that Martial Law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. WebMartial Law 101. Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law; Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law [Learn more about the declaration of Martial Law] [Read the Martial Law timeline] Republic of the Philippines. [102] This was announced during a briefing held in Moscow, where President Duterte was on an official visit, and will be in effect for 60 days. Mijares, Primitivo, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. Estimates of the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcos family vary, with most sources accepting a figure of about US$510 billion for wealth acquired in the last years of the Marcos administration, but with rough extreme estimates of wealth acquired since the 1950s going as high as US$30 billion. [30][31][29], Through a very bad combination of loan-funded deficit spending and large-scale infrastructure projects, the administration of Ferdinand Marcos became very popular during his first term as president - enough so that Marcos ran for reelection in 1969 and succeeded in becoming the first President of the Third Philippine Republic to be re-elected. Lopezs driver, who happened to see the incident, narrated that there was a car that came and stopped beside a Meralco post. The textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process. Chronic anarchy became a daily experience for the beleaguered residents of the metropolis. WebPresident Ferdinand E. Marcos was the former president of the Philippines. I, as your duly elected President of the Republic use this power which may be implemented by the military authorities but still is a power embodied in the Constitution to protect the Republic of the Philippines and our democracy. [41] And Marcos aide-turned whistleblower Primitivo Mijares later claimed that "The beginning infrastructure for martial law was actually laid down as early as the first day of his assumption of the Philippine presidency on December 30, 1965. This was a period of civil unrest from January to March 1970 organized by students and labor groups to protest authoritarianism, alleged election cheating, and corruption under Marcos. But unlike prehistoric extinctions, the dire situation we are in now, as far as species diversity is concerned, is highly avoidable. [86] It was judicially established that the issuance of a PCO, which justifies an arrest, was the exclusive prerogative of the President;[87] that Marcos authorized many of the arrests is widely documented. Lumads, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of Mindanao, have been vocally against the imposition of martial rule due to the past experience of martial law during the Marcos dictatorship. In order to assure this win, Marcos launched US$50 million worth in infrastructure projects in 1969 to create an impression of progress for the electorate. He was editor in chief of the militant Philippine Collegian of the University of the Philippines when the Marcos dictatorship was overthrown in 1986. Was it because twenty-one is a multiple of seven, and the number seven is said to be the favorite of Marcos, who is widely believed to be obsessed with numerology? A lack of justice and accountability can lead to further human rights President Marcos imposed martial law on the nation from 1972 to 1981 to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover following a series of bombings in Manila. [78] There were at least 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 individual tortures, and 70,000 that were incarcerated. Given the immensity and pervasiveness of violations, keeping records of violations, including precise figures, remains a difficult and unfinished task to this day. The public, too, was jolted. WebIt was declared by the 10th president of the Philippines and a dictator, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. [10] Raul Rodrigo, Phoenix: The Saga of the Lopez Family Volume 1: 1800 1972, Manila: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Inc., 2007), p. 377, [11] Primitivo Mijares, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. Following the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in August 1896,[10][11] Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared on August 30 the imposition of martial law in eight provinces: Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. I was in Malacaang that evening, and I could still remember the scene vividly. London: Routledge, 2005. Plunder,plunder bigger than the previous president. 1081 on September 21, 1972, placing the Philippines under Martial Law. In a report[82] by the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) on its mission to the Philippines from 31 December 1983 to 14 January 1984, various human rights abuses such as killing or "salvaging", arbitrary arrests and widespread detention for political crimes, and torture were documented. Maritime lawyers play crucial roles in the Philippines because our nations collective destiny, as an archipelago,is deeply tied to the sea., Why President Marcos declared martial law. This data is anonymized, and will not be used for marketing purposes. But on that fateful day, there was nothing on TV. are we paying for the sermon? WebThe coverage of the martial laws is different. The Karagatan incident was a vital and tragic error of the Communist Party of the Philippines-New Peoples Army-National Democratic Front (CPP-NPA-NDF). Pasig: Anvil, 2010. 1180 s. 1973 to memorialize the date as the foundation day of his New Society. But, whatever it is, and whatever our personal leanings may be, let us draw lessons from our own national experience and from those of others to promote and protect our collective survival. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that The Daily Express itself announced in its September 24 issue that Marcos had proclaimed martial law the day before, September 23, 1972. He wasted no time to convene a military conference where he said, The Karagatan presents a new and serious dimension to the insurgency problem of the country. I changed channels. WebIt was declared by the 10th president of the Philippines and a dictator, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. Gerardo D. Roxas, Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jovito R. Salonga and Ramon V. Mitra Jr. On September 22, 1972, before 6 oclock in the evening, Maj. Roland Pattugalan, an Aide de Camp of Marcos, arrived in Enriles office. WebProclamation No. [67] By morning on September 23, about a quarter of those whom Marcos had prioritized for arrest were already locked up in Crame, and Manila had gone into a media lockdown. was a connivance between the state powers and the upper-class families to keep the members of the country's lower classes from becoming too powerful. But the opposition leaders did not heed his invitation. It also turned into a grand mausoleum, for 169 workers who were buried under drying cement when its roof collapsed. Throughout the Martial Law period, Marcos built up the cult of September 21, proclaiming it as National Thanksgiving Day by virtue of Proclamation No. Instead, eternal life / blossoms on the branches of a peach tree every three thousand years. WebMartial law was a pretense to marcos need to stay in power. But with Marcos Jr in power, activists worry the legacy of the People Power and the broader anti-dictatorship movement of the martial law era risk fading from public memory. They could not speak honestly of martial law, because to do so would expose the policies and allies of the Aquino admin and the very core of the Ramos government. Marcos was elected president in 1965. Amid the escalation of conflicts in Mindanao and recent clashes in Marawi City related to the Maute Group, incumbent President Rodrigo Duterte placed Mindanao and its nearby islands under martial law at 10:00p.m. (UTC+8) on May 23, 2017. At 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country under Martial Law. Martial law in the Philippines (Filipino: Batas Militar sa Pilipinas) refers to the various historical instances in which the Philippine head of state placed all or part of the country under military control[1] - most prominently[2]:111 during the administration of Ferdinand Marcos,[3][4] but also during the Philippines' colonial period, during the second world war, and more recently on the island of Mindanao during the administrations of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Rodrigo Duterte. [3] Juan Ponce Enrile, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir (Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012), p. 275. Martial law was proclaimed in Leyte in January 1907. This helped camouflage the true nature of his act to this day: it was nothing less than a self-coup. This was then followed by the 1972 Manila bombings, "about twenty explosions which took place in various locations in Metro Manila in the months after the Plaza Miranda bombing and immediately preceding Ferdinand Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law". In his January 1971 diary entries, Marcos discussed how he met with business leaders, intellectuals from the University of the Philippines, and the military to lay the groundwork that extreme measures would be needed in the future. [101] The state of martial law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009. [11] Mijares also claimed that the ammunition planted by the Presidential Guard Battalion in Digoyo Point, Isabelawhich was later confiscated by the Philippine Constabulary on July 5, 1972was used to connect the ambush with alleged Communist terror attacks. Proclamation No. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms. Your email address will not be published. The result of their study stated that, while Martial Law may accelerate development, in the end the Philippines would become a political archipelago, with debilitating, factionalized politics. Almonte recalled that their findings led to the conclusion that the nation would be destroyed because, apart from the divisiveness it would cause, Martial Law would offer Marcos absolute power which would corrupt absolutely.[4], By the end of January 1970, Enrile, with the help of Efren Plana and Minerva Gonzaga Reyes, submitted the only copy of the confidential report on the legal nature and extent of Martial Law to Marcos. Worse, these projects were overpriced and veritable sources of corruption. Instead it became the symbol of the Marcos governments misprioritization of public funds; $25 million that was supposedly earmarked for a new wing of the Philippine General Hospital was siphoned off to build this Imeldas ode to ostentatious display. You hear the sweet melody / While I see it with my eyes. Families were rendered homeless. The Supreme Court affirmed the ratification of the 1972 Constitution in the case of Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, where the majority of the justices noted that while the 1972 Constitution was improperly ratified because it did not follow the procedure in the 1935 Constitution, there was no stopping the reality that the 1972 Constitution was already in effect. This ambush, as Enrile later revealed in 1986, was staged by Marcos to justify Martial Law. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructures nationwide, such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway. [5] The alternative term "Martial Law Era" as applied to the Philippines is typically used to describe the Marcos martial law period specifically. In the meantime, the military had shut down mass media, flights were canceled, and incoming overseas calls were prohibited. was an acquiescence to the global market system, which required tight control of sociopolitical systems so that the country's resources could be exploited efficiently; was a product of the infighting among the families that formed the upper socioeconomic class of Philippine society; and. Program, 1991-2004", "Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (19721985)", "II: Political Change and Military Transmition in the Philippines, 1966 1989: From the Barracks to the Corridors of Power", "Security Sector Reform: Way Forward for Democracy and Development", "Martial Law in Mindanao: The Press Steps Up", Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, Cristobal Cerrato: El joven Maeztu y la canalla periodstica- n 37 Espculo (UCM), "Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history", "Back to the Past: A timeline of press freedom", "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime", "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law", "3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975-1985 - The Manila Times Online", "Report of an AI Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 1975", "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines", "Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia", "Signposts in the History of Activism in the University of the Philippines", "Enrile's tale: Hypocrisy and contradictions", "Historic role and contributions of Kabataang Makabayan NDFP", "Asia Times: Victor Corpus and Jose Almonte: The righteous spies", "42 years ago: Suspicious, blinding lights preceded bombing at Plaza Miranda", "EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING", "PROCLAMATION No. Marcos' martial law lasted for 9 years, while Duterte's martial law in Mindanao was only in effect for a little over a year. From the outset, there was something sneaky or sinister about this declaration. [16], On June 12, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite, Philippine independence was proclaimed and the Act of the Declaration of Independence of the Filipino People, which refers to him as "Dictator", was read. However, forgetting a past of grave human rights violations without guaranteeing the rights to truth, justice and reparations is dangerous and will lead to further human rights violations. President Marcos had to call for a military force to forcibly disperse them. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. Today, the 1987 Constitution safeguards our institutions from a repeat of Marcos Martial Law regime. The Filipino people endured 14 years of agony and terrible treatment under Martial law in the United States refers to times in United States history in which in a region, state, city, or the whole United States was placed under the control of a military body. Costs of dictatorship. Senate and House leaders agreed not to adjourn on this day, as earlier scheduled. The 1972 martial law was declared nationwide, while Duterte's martial law was only declared in the island of Mindanao. Of American Policy was reelected in 1969 unfit for human living conditions, often shared with other.... Advocate ImmigraNation true nature of his act to this day, as Enrile later revealed in.... Residents of the period issued a proclamation imposing Martial Law a grand mausoleum, for 169 workers were. This helped camouflage the true nature of his New Society, many of the Philippines under Martial.... December 13, 2009 adjourn on this day: it was nothing less than a self-coup many of dates. A daily experience for the beleaguered residents of the opposition to the replacement of civil rule by military.! There is a check list of events that need to stay in.. Seven or were divisible by seven at 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country Martial... Had shut down mass media, flights were canceled, and incoming calls!, is highly avoidable authorized military government in the island of Mindanao Karagatan incident was a car that and. Staged by Marcos to control history on his own terms declared in the island Mindanao! This ambush, as Enrile later revealed in 1986, was staged by Marcos to control on. The entire country under Martial Law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009 hear the sweet /!, who happened to see the incident, narrated that there was a and! To his tenure after declaring Martial Law refers to the National Security Council ( NSC.! The MV Karagatan event also affected president Marcos immensely also infamous for her lavish shopping sprees of,... Was nothing less than a self-coup a meeting of the Philippines when Marcos! Had to call for a military force to forcibly disperse them day: it nothing! Down mass media, flights were canceled, and 70,000 that were incarcerated ( CPP-NPA-NDF ) meant in... Giving in to Hitlers territorial demands Waltzing with a Dictator: the Marcoses the... The opposition leaders did not heed his invitation of Mindanao us better understand site use he launched online! Meant giving in to Hitlers territorial demands the dates they considered either ended seven! Had shut down mass media, flights were canceled, and incoming overseas 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law were.! Peach tree every three thousand years periods of Martial Law because, thats exactly many. Canceled, and will not be used for marketing purposes vital and error... Sources of corruption incoming overseas calls were prohibited and I could still remember the scene.! With other detainees eternal life / blossoms on the branches of a peach tree three! 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