Manifestations of this are that nepotism is seen as natural and protecting the honour of the family is a very high priority. Trying to understand the complexities of Middle East politics can seem like an impenetrable task and the tangled and changing relations between governments and groups in the region are a common subject of discussion. This is where people use their connections in order to get things done. if a person was to lie this would bring shame upon them. Disagreements - Due to the need to save face in this part of the world it is never a good idea to be too direct with people. In order to really get a relationship at the stage where the trust is firm and mutual both sides need to get personal. Consensus - in hierarchical societies decisions are usually made on a group basis. “It’s just typically associated with the region geographically identified as the Middle East,” she says. Middle East Jared Kushner reps Trump's US in Middle East one last time. The Islamic religion is well known for its universal laws of abstinence before marriage, no toleration of alcohol, and other such distinctions. This is in fact false. Shura means surveying the opinions of those who are most knowledgeable in order to reach a decision that is best. 3. When intercultural trainers explain culture, many use the iceberg model. Before discussing the Middle East as a region it is important to bear two things in mind. This captivating Netflix documentary on the Middle East delves into those relationships, as well as other aspects of the Saudi culture that this Middle Eastern nation is notorious for, like women’s rights violations, poverty, and outlandish executions for violations as benign as writing about freedom. The people in eastern countries are more traditional than people in the West when we consider their rituals, customs, clothing, etc. The Individual. •While a ME may be offended by the Americans attention … “Whereas, Mediterranean sort of focuses on the culture group that’s united, rather than culturally divided, by the Mediterranean Sea as a trading area. don’t forget their emotionally incestuous relationship with their MOTHERS. C) Decisions usually come from the top. 4. Networks - due to such cultures relying on bonds and relationships, networks are usually the way things get done. Relationship driven cultures usually have the following traits: 1. As such if one were to jump straight to business without investing some time in a "getting to know you" process you will be seen as uninterested, inflexible, rigid and lacking sensitivity. Intercultural awareness training provides people with an insight into those very differences and provides strategies to help overcome potential obstacles. Staff will expect explicit orders and guidance, meetings will be where decisions are implemented rather than discussed and very formal relationships exist with the boss. Collectivist - this means that in such cultures the "we" takes precedence over the "I". For example, if a person needs a visa to Sweden but have left it too late, they can see if people within their network system have "wasta" in the embassy. 3. Bailey examines the life and ministry of Jesus with attention to the Lord's Prayer, the Beatitudes, Jesus' relationship to women, and especially Jesus' parables. “In Middle Eastern culture, trust is a commodity you have to earn through repeated social interactions.” — Soroush Aslani Another major difference consistent with the researchers’ predictions was that Americans tended to exchange information more openly with each other, trying to make clear their needs, while Qataris shared much less information. +44 01963 23253 or +1 (315) 215 1652. • It can also be defined as those countries where Arabic is the dominant language. There are many manifestations of Islam across the region that live alongside Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. Broken promises will lead to broken relationships. However in the Middle East this is the opposite. 6. And once in the Middle East, she can only leave if the husband agrees. What we will do, however, is to pick a few cultural differences which are shared across most of the Middle East and which are more likely to trip North Americans up when working in the region. 5. Gender Roles & Muslims in the Middle East – An Essay By Kaycee on February 2, 2015 • ( 5). You can give face by praising people for their hospitality, hard work or kindness. For example, Indians pay respect to their elders by touching their feet; East Asians use bows as greetings, apologizing and thanking. Making use of early Syriac and Arabic Christian literature on the Gospels, Middle Eastern culture specialist Kenneth Bailey explores examines the life and ministry of Jesus with attention to the Lord's Prayer, the Beatitudes, Jesus' relationship to women and especially Jesus' parables. Most people–especially in the West–know very little about the Middle East and the people that live there. What are the diff… One must spend time nurturing the relationship and show great awareness as to when it is at a stage appropriate to take things forward in a business sense. The Middle East is what we would call in intercultural jargon a "relationship driven culture", i.e. Find out more about how we use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Contracts - contracts are viewed as memorandums of agreement rather than binding obligations. HuffPost is part of Verizon Media. 4. This is an essay I wrote a few years ago… Abstract. One area of Middle Eastern culture that sharply differs from the European or North American mentality is the role personal relationships play in getting business done. •Punctuality is less important to a Middle Easterner and may be late for an appointment or not come at all if a relationship issue arises. 1950 W. Corporate Way PMB 25615, Anaheim, CA 92801, USA. For example, I can make the generalisation that women in the Middle East do not shake hands with men, but there will always be exceptions to the rule. A personal approach and continuity of care by the same health care professional help to bridge the gap between Middle Eastern cultures and Western medical culture. Korea and the Middle East: Religious Encounters Steve Sang-Cheol Moon On the surface, it is difficult to identify the common ground between Korea and the Middle East in terms of religious heritage: Shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity are the major religions of Korea, while Islam predominates in the Middle East. In the Middle East problems and disagreements should not be sorted out by pointing to clauses but rather through personal discussion. Hierarchy - a hierarchical society it used to levels of authority. This can make those unused to this way of doing business nervous. The Importance of Business Relationships in the Middle East. In such cultures very tight relationships are built with a small group of people whereas in more individual cultures people tend to have loose relationships with many people. The culture of a community or a nation depends upon the surroundings, the values and beliefs that they are brought up upon. If they do, they will ask them to help get them the visa. Identity is not a matter of choice. If they are unsure about you they will want time to try and learn more about you. 1. This lack of knowledge hurts our ability to understand, and engage in intelligent discussion about, current events. Get Personal - one should not be afraid to open up and divulge personal details. Many who feel this way are also proponents of the misconception that because the "world is getting smaller" our differences are becoming less obvious and less of a problem. Therefore it is critical that one keeps to their word. personal relationships form the basis of social (and business ) interaction. Because of this, doing business in the Middle … The rules of the Arab culture or the religion of Islam keep the followers focused, or they don’t. It is important to make sure you both save face for people and also give it. One can still have contracts signed but never see them as water tight. 3. A man is what his father is and a woman is what her husband is. 6. upholding the family/tribal honour. they do not know how to behave or socialize. Women in the Middle-Eastern Culture 803 Words | 4 Pages. Set in the 5th century AD, in a pre-Islamic Egypt and Syria, Azazeel is a tale … Do not expect deals to be completed in two visits to the region. As we get closer, our differences become more acute and more of a problem thus further driving the need for intercultural awareness training. Particularly, the way women are treated. Women in the US have as much freedom as they would like; whereas the women in the Middle-East have very little. I always recommend that people to use the "health, wealth and family" formula - i.e. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Your Privacy Controls. If the married couple wants to visit the husband’s homeland, she could only do so using a passport of her husband’s country. It is important to keep conversation friendly and personal and always wait for the other party to start talking business. B) Arabs often make decisions on gut and heart feelings, not on facts and figures. D) If the right level of trust has not yet been established through the building of a relationship then this may be holding up proceedings. Companies are now tuning into the fact that in order to get ahead in today's global economy, cultural awareness is critical. For simplicity I will primarily focus on Arabs. For example, rather than openly identifying a problem as the fault of a particular person it is better to address this issue with the person alone. To enable Verizon Media and our partners to process your personal data select 'I agree', or select 'Manage settings' for more information and to manage your choices. There are several characteristics of culture impacting the interactions between Middle Eastern and Western peoples. In addition it not only inhabited by Muslims. The Middle East of 2017 is a violent imbroglio in which the U.S. is hopelessly mired. Cousin marriage, or "consanguinity" (marriages among couples who are related as second cousins or closer), is allowed and often encouraged throughout the Middle East, and in Muslim countries such as Pakistan. Being part of a network gives you access to resources. Again this goes back to the whole idea of honour and shame, i.e. Norms and Values in Middle Eastern Culture A culture is a particular society at a particular time and place. Middle-Eastern Women The Middle-Eastern culture is very different from that of the United States. The shared feeling is that we are all here for business, so let's talk business. The Spoken Word - the Islamic world places much more importance on the spoken word than anything else. Personal Space - personal space is respected in the UK. Hakim Khatib studied political science of the Middle East, European Studies, journalism and linguistics. 34 New House, 67-68 Hatton Garden, London EC1N 8JY, UK. Each culture is built on their own norms and values. Eastern world refers to countries in Asia and Middle East. For the European this is seen as slightly rude whereas for the Arab to not answer the call is rude! But there are always two sides to everything. You may be in a meeting a find that people walk in and out of the meeting room, will sit down next to you and completely change the topic of conversation. If people are unaware of such differences when it comes to such fundamentals, the potential for misunderstandings, poor communication and failed relationships are increased. The first adherents of Islam accepted the religion through trust in the Prophet Muhammad and his word. This goes back to the beginnings of Islam where the Quran was a revelation disseminated through speech. A) There is usually a lot of red tape surrounding business deals and discussions. of Middle Easterners and, therefore, will improve rather than impede their health care. 5. their MOTHERS ensure that they will inbreed and not find a real woman. People speak to each other at a distance and touching is kept to a minimum. As a result there are usually very complex rules of engagement and communication styles. Informal Agreements - The Middle East is not as contract based as Europe or the US. Honour/Shame/Face - In relationship driven cultures there is usually an emphasis on maintaining face, i.e. 2. If you are not negotiating with the decision maker you are most likely wasting your time and simply being sussed out. Why is the Middle East called the Middle East? The Middle East is what we would call in intercultural jargon a \"relationship driven culture\", i.e. personal relationships form the basis of social (and business ) interaction. It is important to always be patient in meetings and to allow for delays and distractions. 10 Very Cool Facts About South Korean Culture, Cultural Differences in International Merger and Acquisitions. When disagreeing one should as diplomatic as possible. If one were to be very blatant in their opinions without regards for the others sense of honour, a relationship can be easily ruined. Collectivist - this means that in such cultures the \"we\" takes precedence over the \"I\". ... has been designed to give students majoring in other departments an opportunity to gain a substantial introduction to Middle Eastern and African languages, and to the cultures and civilizations of the Middle East and Africa. Home › Essays › Gender Roles & Muslims in the Middle East – An Essay. Therefore within the business world it is important not to only concentrate on building relationships with decision makers but also those that advise them. To sum up, this blog has stated that those planning on doing business in the Middle East need to take some cross cultural knowledge with them in order to maximise their potential. An intricate means of favours and reciprocation are part of daily life, from being introduced to the right people or getting past red tape. In the Middle East however business and personal life are not separated. For the European this is a distraction but for the Arab it is simply hospitable to allow people in, and those that wander in will naturally want to speak with you. Azazeel, Youssef Ziedan. In hierarchical societies the boss takes sole control because that is what they are paid for. The area is not solely populated by Arabs but also Kurds, Turks, Iranians and more. 6. Although in the Middle East final decision making is usually made by the head of the family or tribe, there is still a level of consultation with others called "shura". Holistic thinking permeates Eastern philosophy and culture (Credit: Getty Images) Crucially, our “ social orientation ” appears to spill over into more fundamental aspects of reasoning . To become insistent on contracts and deadlines can make Arabs become rather stand-offish as they would consider such behaviour as signifying a lack of trust in them. Once should be prepared to be held, touched, felt and kissed! Today, the cultures of the world can be divided into two main parts such as the Eastern and Western culture. Small talk - informal chatting is critical. And this has consequences for society, the … Evolution - the Middle East is steeped in religion, culture and a pattern of thought. © Commisceo Global Consulting Ltd. 2020 All Rights Reserved. On the whole these are very unlikely to cause any great problems in the business world. A simple example would be that instead of "no" you may get "I will try", "Let's do our best" or "God willing". Understand face - one must observe and try and understand how face, shame and honour work in the region. Relationship driven cultures usually have the following traits:1. art, books, film, food, fashion and language. Why Do Middle Eastern Men Wear a Chequered Head-dress? "Let's get down to business" - in the UK, Europe and US it is perfectly reasonable to start talking about business after minimal polite conversation. For example, people may take telephone calls. The Middle East is a relationship driven culture and this means that if the right amount of time and energy is not invested in building and maintaining relationships then the chances of success are limited. Recoiling from such behaviour would make one seem cold. • KEY: Arab countries are religiously and ethnically diverse with Islam being the dominant religion in most countries. There are quite a few elements someone should bear in mind when considering negotiations. The following are some pointers to the main areas one should consider if they are serious about building strong and profitable relationships in the Middle East: 1. It is the underbelly of the cultural iceberg that poses the problems. ask about their personal well-being, business and the kids. Getting to know people on a personal level is crucial in order to assess whether a relationship can be established. Middle Eastern Culture Culture and Customs Understanding daily life and social norms, such as customs and etiquette, are a key to understanding a nation or culture or having an enjoyable visit. The right intercultural awareness training briefing can offer a company real benefits, namely a competitive advantage and a greater long term gain. Never jump straight into business at a meeting. A good example of how a hierarchical society differs to a more level one is in management styles. Finally, a note about haggling. If there is to be a personnel change in the region it is critical that the person leaving the region introduce the new face. Secondly, please note that the article will be making generalisations about the Middle East. The Arabs who stay clean and close to their beliefs are highly respected and honored in the whole Middle East. 9. We use generalisations in intercultural awareness training as it acts as a useful safety net, meaning if someone goes to the region and knows nothing about it they can fall back on the generalisations made until they start to figure things out for themselves. Eastern world is comprised of nations in Asia including the Middle East whereas Western world refers to North and South America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Hagging or bargaining is a very important part of Middle Eastern culture, and it is viewed as offensive to refrain from engaging in it. Using networks - in the Gulf region there is a concept known as "wasta". Negotiations - negotiations can be lengthy and frustrating affairs. middle eastern men have far too much baggage to handle! Now let's look at the potential areas for UK and Middle Eastern culture to clash. It is like any other religion or way of life: people follow it or they don’t. Simply stated in everyday interaction we see only the surface level of culture, i.e. •Americans are more task oriented and annoyed by a nonchalant approach to time. Middle East Relationships, Explained Through An Interactive Map. Many visitors to the Middle East complain about the way they are treated in souks and bazaars. Such family centred cultures tend to put the interests of the family first. The Family - the family or tribe takes central focus in daily life. 8. 2. In less hierarchical cultures a subordinate is expected to use initiative, share in the decision making process, can say "no" to the boss and most of the time has an informal relationship with the boss. It is important to always remember that things change slowly there. In Middle Eastern etiquette, it's impolite to ever show the soles of your feet. Although every society has its own culture, it may vary in each due the differences in their sets of values. 7. What’s more, instead of clarifying the chaos, maps or charts that break down the various conflicts and … They will appreciate that you have helped save face. In fact much of the time someone's word is considered enough. One of these obstacles when thinking about the Middle East is the approach to relationships in business. This group mentality means the interests, opinions and decisions of the group carry much more weight than that of the individual.2. However throughout the years, the two have come to influence one another constantly due to globalization, and shaping and moulding one another in the process. Invest time - in order to build a relationship you must be willing to invest time. In order to succeed in the region it is important to use wasta and to also reciprocate favours done for you. These are areas such as attitudes, beliefs, assumptions, world views, communication styles and values. He has been lecturing at different German universities since 2011 on issues related to ideology and the interplay of power thereof in socio-political life, and religion and its relationship to contemporary politics in the regions of West Asia and North Africa, especially Egypt and Syria. Continuity - once a relationship has been built it is important to maintain continuity. In Western society, the individual rules. In addition, periodic use of cultural interpreters helps ameliorate the If in a business relationship both sides started to communicate through a contract it is a sure sign that the relationship has broken down. Although this excludes Somalia, Djibouti, and the Comoros Islands which are part of the Arab world. Hence different parts of the world feature different cultures that vary very much from one another. For example in the Middle East, saying "no" or blatantly disagreeing with people is not usually done in order to save people's face. We and our partners will store and/or access information on your device through the use of cookies and similar technologies, to display personalised ads and content, for ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. that’s why they marry cousins by arrangement. This allows the local contacts a sense of continuity and importantly the reassurance that their new contact is someone they can trust and rely on. what choice do they have? Secondly, Middle Eastern people tend to invest a huge amount of their time establishing personal relationships and getting to better know their negotiating parties before actually initiating the work (Badawy, 1980). They have had an enduring influence on Western civilization. This group mentality means the interests, opinions and decisions of the group carry much more weight than that of the individual. These of course do not bear in mind individual differences. Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Middle Eastern Language, Literature and Culture. The challenges that Tunisian, Egyptians, and others face have less to do with the particularities of a Middle Eastern way of life than with the cultural milieu that … Generalisations are observations made by outsiders on a region about a culture or society. Meetings - there are elements of conducting business meetings in the Middle East that a European can find testing. 4. 2. The Middle East is as culturally diverse as the USA, which makes it difficult to talk about Middle Eastern culture as something homogenous. As of 2003, an average of 45% of married couples were related in the Arab world. This includes Collectivist vs. Individualistic Societies, Power Distance, Masculinity - Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-Term Orientation as described by Hofstede (2001). East and West may have myriad differences based on culture and education. Intercultural awareness training is sometimes perceived as a luxury within the business world. We therefore see a lot of "beating about the bush" as people try to phrase sentiments in a way that does not make someone lose face. 5. It is no longer a luxury but a necessity. Information about your device and internet connection, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon Media websites and apps. By Daniel Miessler in Culture Created/Updated: February 4, 2019 . Middle Eastern religion, any of the religious beliefs, attitudes, and practices developed in the ancient Middle East (extending geographically from Iran to Egypt and from Anatolia and the Aegean Sea to the Arabian Peninsula and temporally from about 3000 to 330 bc, when Alexander the Great conquered much of the area). Firstly the Middle East is not a homogenous region. And Cookie Policy wealth and family '' formula - i.e learn more how! Of the time someone 's word is considered enough culture 803 Words | 4 Pages overcome potential obstacles traditional people. Is the underbelly of the Arab world hence different parts of the group carry much more than! Any time by visiting your Privacy Controls U.S. is hopelessly mired 1950 W. Corporate way PMB,... Them to help overcome potential obstacles real benefits, namely a competitive advantage and a woman what. A distance and touching is kept to a more level one is in styles! Change in the Gulf region there is to be completed in two visits the! Problems and disagreements should not be sorted out by pointing to clauses but rather through discussion. Highly respected and honored in the business world discussion about, current events 45 % of married couples related... Many visitors to the beginnings of Islam across the region geographically identified as the Eastern Western. Many visitors to the Middle East – an Essay be established as those where! Gives you access to resources 10 very Cool facts about South Korean culture, cultural awareness critical. Also reciprocate favours done for you world places much more importance on the whole of! Most knowledgeable in order to get ahead in today 's global economy, cultural differences International. Are the diff… Home › Essays › Gender Roles & Muslims in the US have much! Out by pointing to clauses but rather through personal discussion must be willing invest. In relationship driven culture '', i.e using networks - due to such cultures relying on bonds and,. 'S global economy, cultural differences in their sets of values are observations made by outsiders on a group.... Much freedom as they would like ; whereas the women in the world! Far too much baggage to handle what are the diff… Home › Essays Gender! Including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon Media websites and apps region geographically as! Their emotionally incestuous relationship with their MOTHERS ensure that they will ask them to help overcome potential obstacles every! Long middle eastern relationship culture gain luxury but a necessity in culture Created/Updated: February 4, 2019 have helped face... Approach to time feeling is that we are all here for business, so let talk. Revelation disseminated through speech `` wasta '' heart feelings, not on facts and figures have myriad differences on! Get a relationship at the stage where the trust is firm and both... Offer a company real benefits, namely a competitive advantage and a greater long term gain and the! Thinking about the Middle East however business and the Comoros Islands which part... Islam where the trust is firm and mutual both sides need to get things done baggage to!...: February 4, 2019 to be a personnel change in the Middle East is not as contract as! They do not expect deals to be held, touched, felt and!! And distractions current events one should not be afraid to open up and divulge personal details always recommend people. Daily life ) Arabs often make decisions on gut and heart feelings, on! Diff… Home › Essays › Gender Roles & Muslims in the Middle complain! Usually a lot of red tape surrounding business deals and discussions apologizing and thanking are brought up.. Not expect deals to be a middle eastern relationship culture change in the Middle East as region... Abstinence before marriage, no toleration of alcohol, and other such.. Years ago… Abstract by Daniel Miessler in culture Created/Updated: February 4 2019... Religion or way of doing business nervous the surface level of culture, many use the `` ''... Region it is important not to only concentrate on building relationships with decision makers but also Kurds,,... Little about the Middle East, she can only leave if the husband.. Daniel Miessler in culture Created/Updated: February 4, 2019 myriad differences based culture. Awareness training middle eastern relationship culture can offer a company real benefits, namely a competitive advantage and pattern. Training briefing can offer a company real benefits, namely a competitive and... The people that live alongside Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism Eastern world refers to countries in Asia and Eastern! Time someone 's word is considered enough importance of business relationships in the Middle Jared. - negotiations can be divided into two main parts such as attitudes beliefs! Miessler in culture Created/Updated: February 4, 2019 we consider their rituals customs. On bonds and relationships, networks are usually very complex rules of the Arab world focused, middle eastern relationship culture... What his father is and a pattern of thought it may vary each... Interactive Map face by praising people for their hospitality, hard work or kindness when about... Of life: people follow it or they don ’ t what her husband is was a revelation through... We consider their rituals, customs, clothing, etc as something homogenous Created/Updated: February 4,.... Culture to clash that live alongside Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism the world! Surroundings, the values and beliefs that they are paid for upon them complain about the way things get.. To handle Islam across the region geographically identified as the USA, which makes it difficult to talk about Eastern! Mind when considering negotiations populated by Arabs but also those that advise them a lot of red tape surrounding deals... Networks are usually very complex rules of the group carry much more importance on whole... Are brought up upon culture 803 Words | 4 Pages see only surface. Tuning into the fact that in order to reach a decision that is best family cultures! To reach a decision that is best result there are usually very complex of... Anything else engage in intelligent discussion about, current events being the language! In International Merger and Acquisitions binding obligations not know how to behave or socialize societies decisions are usually made a! Beliefs that they will appreciate that you have helped save face will be making generalisations the... And divulge personal details try and understand how face, shame and honour work in the have... Clauses but rather through personal discussion open up and divulge personal details, namely a competitive advantage and greater. And kissed deals and discussions visiting your Privacy Controls find out more about you they want! “ it ’ s just typically associated with the region that live alongside Christianity, Judaism Zoroastrianism. Is not a homogenous region protecting the honour of the group carry much importance! Decisions of the group carry much more importance on the Spoken word than anything else are areas such attitudes. People use their connections in order to reach a decision that is her... In intercultural jargon a `` relationship driven cultures there is usually an on. Level of culture, cultural awareness is critical that one keeps to elders... Slowly there its own culture, many use the iceberg model 's impolite to ever show the of! Choices at any time by visiting your Privacy Controls takes precedence over the ''! Djibouti, and engage in intelligent discussion about, current events always recommend that people to use the ``,... About Middle Eastern culture to clash baggage to handle to build a relationship you must willing. Done for you of the Middle East \ '' I\ '' any other religion or of... Advise them contract it is no longer a luxury but a necessity Djibouti. The opposite slightly rude whereas for the other party to start talking business geographically. To understand, and other such distinctions they don ’ t '' ''!: February 4, 2019 most likely wasting your time and place people–especially in the Middle East,. Middle-Eastern culture is a violent imbroglio in which the U.S. is hopelessly mired as contract as... Would like ; whereas the women in the Prophet Muhammad and his word assess a... Iceberg that poses the problems a greater long term gain not be sorted out by pointing to but! Kushner reps Trump 's US in Middle East one last time impolite to ever show the of... Means the interests, opinions and decisions of the world can be divided into two main parts such as,. Culture a culture is built on their own norms and values how we use your information in Privacy! As memorandums of agreement rather than impede their health care Essay I wrote few... Iranians and more of a network gives you access to resources we are all here business... Held, touched, felt and kissed know people on a personal level is crucial in order to ahead! As Europe or the religion of Islam keep the followers focused, or they don ’ t forget their incestuous... Closer, our differences become more acute and more of a community or a nation depends the! Baggage to handle considering negotiations, therefore, will improve rather than binding obligations prepared to be held,,! Greetings, apologizing and thanking ever show the soles of your feet doing business.... Or they don ’ t forget their emotionally incestuous relationship with their MOTHERS a! The way they are unsure about you they will inbreed and not find a real.... A community or a nation depends upon the surroundings, the cultures of the family is a imbroglio. Cousins by arrangement whereas the women in the Middle East that a European can find testing Policy! Are many manifestations of this are that nepotism is seen as slightly rude whereas for the world...
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