One cannot invoke anything prior to reasoning in discussing whether the pretenses of reasoning are legitimate. In the light of these differing interpretations, I shall start by trying to locate what could be taken to be the essence of these three approaches. Applying the Kantian moral theory one will see how killing a fetus is not only the killing of an innocent life but it is also treating someone as just a mean instead of an end. He believed that moral laws could be derived from reason, and that all immoral behavior was, therefore, unreasonable or irrational. T/f "Profit maximizations" supports the theory of utilitarianism. One of Kant’s most lasting contributions to philosophy was in the field of ethics. Kant considers lying wrong because it violates the categorical imperative. Also disturbing to someone trained in scientific reasoning is the Kantian use of intentions to judge the morality of actions. False . Kantian ethics is one tradition of ethical theory within the broader contractualist tradition, although for much of the past several hundred years it has been the main representative of contractualism. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is generally considered to be one of the most profound and original philosophers who ever lived. Kant attempted to answer this question and concluded that people would be able to replace religion with one thing: reason. For Kant, morality, to be genuine, must have an a priori foundation, and thus be objective and universally and necessarily valid. According to Kant, the source of morality is deeper and more logical than anyone imagines. True. In this paper, I will discuss Kant’s moral reasoning, both broadly and in terms of a case study, and elaborate on some issues with Kantian ethics. One of the major cornerstones of Kantian ethics is the idea that it is the will of the person, not necessarily the consequences, that makes an action moral or not. Allen Wood investigates Kant's conception of ethical theory, using it to develop a viable approach to the rights and moral duties of human beings. True. He provides various examples such as the one concerning Promising. Once an appropriate ethical stance is determined by reason, it becomes one’s duty to act ethically on the basis of what one has concluded rationally. But consider a modification to this experiment: The story is the same except now there is no switch and no side track. 4. Such a being could be a space alien, a hyperintelligent computer, or a god, and it would make no essential difference. There is no higher authority than the authority of reason. Every person in this world was a fetus at one point, growing and learning to survive inside of their mother’s womb. Prostitution is impermissible for Kant, not because of the harm it might cause to society (he was not a consequentialist in his ethics), but because it treats a person as a commodity. For Kant, the key to morality is applying a formal test to the action itself. Morality involves unwavering adherence to the categorical imperative, i.e. However, on a footbridge, farther up the track, before the five tied-up individuals, is a precariously perched giant man. Disregard consequences, declared Kant, and instead focus on the form of an action in determining its morality. Kant described two types of ethical rules or imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Kant believed that morality comes from the universalizing nature of reason, not from emotions, feelings, culture, upbringing, consequences, self-interest, biology, or belief in God. In any case, regardless of whose interpretation as to the role of moral emotion in Kantian ethics is correct, there does seem to be a role for sympathy in Kantian ethics after all. Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 and was a renowned German philosopher with huge influences on modern philosophy. They must simply be capable of reasoning and of apprehending reason, and desire to give themselves a reasoned law to govern their actions. Kant evelops one of his foundational doctrines called “The Categorical Imperative”, which can be summarized in the following sentence: “Act in such a way that you treat humanity in such a way, whether in ourselves or in others, as an end in itself” (Groundwork II). It is not meant to. My own opinion is that there are lessons to learn from all of these different perspectives. Deontology is the ethical theory that sees morality as doing one’s duty by following rules, without considering the probable consequences of one’s actions.The moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant exemplifies deontological normative ethics. This is a very unusual and subtle approach to ethics that most people do not understand much less consider. In his Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morality [1785], Immanuel Kant introduces and elaborates the morality of the Categorical Imperative. First, for Kant, ethics is a rational process. Everyone must use his or her intelligence to determine what is morally appropriate, since human beings’ foremost characteristic is reason. One school of thought—which includes many influential Kant scholars, and is sympathetically represented in Allison 1990 (Chs. The free market system requires that corporations consider factors other than maximizing profit in their decision making process. Answer by Martin Jenkins. Kant argued for the idea of the categorical imperative, a law of morality that all humans have a duty to obey. Kant is one of the central figures of modern philosophy, and set the terms by which all subsequent thinkers have had to grapple. One type, Act Utilitarianism, claims that a person should act in the way ... Kantian ethics requires the patient as well as others to respect the patient’s dignity as a human being, though it may take issue with the patient choosing to die because the patient is using their own person as a means to an end. A person is in … Rule-based ethical. Kantian Ethics and Deontology. Kant does not consider the consequences as important as the intent behind the action. If one acts on the maxim that one should eat as many animals as one wishes, then one commits themselves to an unreasonable level of factory farming. 12 and 13)—sees a fundamental change in Kant’s thought here. The film does not merely focus on duty, or the tensions that can arise between consequentialist and deontological approaches to ethical decision making. Kant: The Moral Order. The Elephant Man is one of the best films to use for both introducing and sympathetically understanding Kant’s moral philosophy. Using the services of a paid professional reliever of sexual tension is one possibility, but it is one that Kant strictly forbids. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 78(4), 321–348. Another issue here is whether we need to choose among these different moral theories, such that we can either use utilitarian or Kantian or virtue ethical or contractualist reasoning. As a class of formal ethical theories, deontology has its origins in the ethical approach of the 18th-Century German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. From a Kantian Ethics standpoint, one would consider it their Kantian duty to tell the truth, regardless of the immoral outcome. If the policies are legitimate then Stilton has all good intentions which I would consider ethical under utilitarianism and Kant. One of these “academics,” at least historically, would be Immanuel Kant. Finally, one has a responsibility to be morally good and one must choose to freely commit morally good acts. 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