Any time you hear a person using derogatory terminology to substitute for a word or phrase that isn't inherently negative or ugly, that i. Example 2 She's a curvy woman. Euphemism (Greek eu good, well; phm speaking) and dysphemism (Greek dys bad, unfavorable) are obverse sides of the same coin. The term dysphemism, much less frequently used, concerns abusive language selected to insult or offend, rather than using more neutral words. tailored to your instructions. Dysphemism is a literary device and an adjective which uses the substitution or an offensive, disagreeable, or disparaging expression in the place of an inoffensive or agreeable expression. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used As Shield and Weapon. This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 06:07. Feb 21, 2023, Rejected first three comments hereI rarely had to do that on Facebook In American culture, words like "colored" were once considered euphemisms,[12] but have since been replaced by terms like "Black" and "African-American". The interpretation and the production of a text (whether it be written, verbal, or multi-modal) depends on the previous knowledge and experience of the interpreter or producer. Let him remember that too when he grows up. 2005. How Does Suniel Shetty Make Money Other Than Movies? Examples of Dysphemism Below are dysphemistic connotation used to replace otherwise terms. No one needs an article by meto recognize a slur.One reader told me about a similar list created by Dr. Thomas Sowell. Examples of Dysphemism in Literature Example #1: The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man (By James Joyce) "Let him remember too, cried Mr. Casey to her from across the table, the language with which the priests and the priests' pawns broke Parnell's heart and hounded him into his grave. Our next winner will receive over $500 in funds. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. 132166) deals with the variables that affect the multilinguals perception of swearing. 14:14; Job 13:4); (2) shikkuz ("abomination") is found in the expression, "Chemosh, the abomination of Moab and Molech, the Nordquist, Richard. Similarly, being more formal with someone than expected may be a type of dysphemism. 1, Sri Samijati Tarjana . Jan 16, 2023, How to Spot Dishonest Arguments and keep your own thinking straight, https://www.johntreed.com/blogs/john-t-reed-s-news-blog/60887299-intellectually-honest-and-intellectually-dishonest-debate-tactics, An English primer. WH- Question Words Old Polynesia supplied evidence of the sorts of taboos on bad manners akin to those of contemporary societies; these taboos are merely social sanctions placed on behavior regarded as distasteful or impolite within a given social context. 1991. ThoughtCo, Sep. 8, 2021, thoughtco.com/dysphemism-words-term-1690489. ("She has been sacked.") He is a little thin on top. Dysphemism in Deadpool is problematized in its home country, i.e. Innuendo vs. Let him remember that too when he grows up. He also uses cream, another reference to the colour of the boys pale, white skin. This device is famously used in diverse fields, particularly, in the political terrain, where a homicide may be referred to as assassination (with its negative connotations). One early work that highlights a range of social, linguistic, and historical aspects of euphemism is Enright 1985. Allan, Keith., Burridge, Kate. They behaved rightly, cried Dante. They are all defined below. The meaning of DYSPHEMISM is the substitution of a disagreeable, offensive, or disparaging expression for an agreeable or inoffensive one; also : an expression so substituted. JOIN - Add Link - Add School - Add Post "Dysphemism". Vocabulary Casas Gmez, M. 2009. 1. . Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on OTHELLO Taboo terms are used as insults, epithets, and expletives because they damage the listener's face, which might destroy social harmonyespecially if the speaker and listener are socially distant from each other. Emotions in multiple languages. In contrast to many other subjects, however, this one has received comparatively little scholarly attention, an effect perhaps of the perceived sensitivity and informality of the taboos that so often motivate X-phemistic expression. Dysphemismis the use of a harsh, more offensive word instead of one considered less harsh. Dysphemism allows characters, or the writer, to express anger and put down someone or a group of people with who they disagree in some way. It's also common for people to use dysphemisms as derogatory descriptions of places, items or other nouns. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions EUPHEMISM 2. definition it carries a connotative meaning. dysphemism examples in literature. All rights reserved. Look carefully at the words in bold type, which are all examples of euphemism, dysphemism or hyperbole. Take 10% OFFExpires in (Euphemism for "He has died.") She is between jobs. A collection of sixteen essays that explore very different aspects of the phenomenon of euphemism (and its flip side, dysphemism). Dysphemism is a figure of speech that occurs when one uses offensive language rather than inoffensive or positive language. Later works, such as Allan and Burridge 2006, advance different theoretical perspectives, and Casas Gmez 2009 and Chamizo-Domnguez 2005 discuss the cognitive dimensions of the euphemisticdysphemistic phenomenon. Towards a new approach to the linguistic definition of euphemism. Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew, Sulistini Dwi Putranti 1, M.R. A password will be sent to your email address. Allan and Burridge 1991 is a pioneering linguistic treatment. Dysphemism is the intentional use of negative expression in writing where a positive expression would usually be used; an insult, essentially. ThoughtCo. To refer to sex, dysphemisms are used such as: "fuck", "fuck", "fuck", "squeeze", "make delicious", and so on. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. What soldiers, patch? However, in British, Australian, New Zealand, and South African English, the word "fanny" is slang for vulva, and is considered to be vulgar. Here, while speaking to the same servant boy, Macbeth calls him a loon, or worthless and ignorant. Examples of Dysphemism in Literature A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce Joyce's works are noted for the numerous examples of dysphemism that can be found within them. Prepositions of Time at in on Similarly, being more formal with someone than expected may be a type of dysphemism. Proof Surrogate:An expression used to suggest that there is evidence for a claim without actually citing any evidence.-"Scientists have known that aliens exist for years now."-"Everyone knows that bottled water is better for you than tap water." -Sons of bitches! examples Examples of Euphemism: 80+ Common Phrases. Dysphemisms can be used in colloquial expressions, literary texts, political speeches, and can be the result of hatred, racism, classism, or fear. Nevertheless, the word has become increasingly less vulgar and more publicly acceptable, an example of the " dysphemism treadmill ", wherein former vulgarities become inoffensive and commonplace. Double Entendre. Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. If the writer, or a character in their short story, novel, narrative poem, play, or other literary work chooses to use negative language to degrade a character or person then theyre using dysphemism. Or, perhaps youll want to hit your readers over the head with a blatant epiphany. may make use of hyperbole. A book for academics and the wider community; its focus is on how swearing changes across languages and across time and on what swearing can reveal about how human brains process language. Dysphemism is a blend of the prefix dys-, which means "bad," and -phemism, shortened from the earlier word euphemism. What determines the X-phemistic value are social attitudes or conventions; these can vary considerably between dialect groups and even between individual members of the same community. Though he could have used less offensive words, Joyce has employed the dysphemistic technique. This is a euphemism that sounds much nicer than the harsh truth of the situation. ", Animal names are frequently used as dysphemistic epithets. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. Examples of dysphemisms are: To allude to the act of dying, dysphemisms are used such as: "stretch the leg", "palmarla", "espichar", "cross the moor", and so on. Examples of these instances occur in " The Murders in the Rue Morgue ," in which the Watson-like narrator made us aware that one of Auguste Dupin's methods of detection is to achieve identification with the mind of his opponent - whoever is involved in the crime under question. No matter which human group we look at, past or present, euphemism and its counterpart dysphemism are powerful forces and they are extremely important for the study of language change. Typically the word "terrorist" refers to one who uses violence and fear as a means to pursue political, religious or ideological aims. Euphemism examples. We looked at seven examples from popular movies in which a euphemism is used to describe periods humorously, unintentionally, sarcastically and in the case of Carrie, traumatically. Offer for students: unlock all articles by joining us on Patreon for $3. Whether or not someone gets the joke often greatly depends on highly localized and idiomatic pronunciations and interpretations of the words used, so puns are definitely not always universal in. To fill this gap, linguist Keith Allan created orthophemism (Greek ortho- proper, straight, normal). All of these could be considered a bit rude. Yea, to the dead. Send us the News. trash panda = a raccoon; ambulance chaser = a personal injury lawyer; chop shop = a garage that steals car parts . I have a list of other varieties of those tactics athttps://www.johntreed.com/blogs/john-t-reed-s-news-blog/60887299-intellectually-honest-and-intellectually-dishonest-debate-tactics.I hope readers will suggest additional dysphemisms that I have overlooked. What is in that word 'honor'? For instance, Whatever else is unsure in this stinking dunghill of a world a mothers love is not [] from the name novel. Copyright JustBaazaar 2023. Not only will people use nasty names or sayings for people they perceive as not smart enough, but they'll also use such derogatory language for those they see as being too smart or too studious. Sometimes, dysphemism could be the result of hatred and fear, though disapproval and contempt might also motivate dysphemism to be used. Why? They provide an emotive trigger for word addition, word loss, phonological distortion and semantic shift. [10] Labeling groups as terrorist draws associations with other groups labeled as such even when no direct connection might be present. New York: Basic Books. These expressions are not merely a response to taboo, however; they can function when people simply avoid using, or alternatively decide to use, a distasteful or infelicitous style of language. 'Tis insensible, then? For example, many X-phemisms regarding sexual intercourse could be considered euphemistic within peer groups yet dysphemistic in certain audiences. However, "X-phemism" (the union set of "phemisms") is primarily determined by evaluating expressions within the particular context in which they are uttered. Dysphemism examples may be classified according to the following types. Allan, K., and K. Burridge. Hes also called whey-face in order to emphasize how white he is, another jab at what Macbeth sees as cowardly behaviour. Paralipsis. [8], Some phrases that are euphemisms in certain contexts can be considered dysphemistic in others. firm, has the strength of his convictions, the belief that increased business profits increase opportunities and real wages of prospective and current business employees, Caucasian who favorstighter immigrationrules and/ordecreased trade deficits, no meaning; just a false claim that something is widely said by unidentified, uncounted people. So instead of using a harsh word like "dead," they may write . Nordquist, Richard. They are sometimes used as political jargon to describe politicians or to negatively brand certain policies or political views. Some terms like "Yankee" (for an American) or "punk" (for a late 1970s rocker), began as derogatory but were not considered such and adopted proudly by the named group. One person in a story, novel, narrative poem, or play might insult another with any of the above types of dysphemism. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. A dysphemism is directed toward the audience or reader of a work, similar to an aside or stage whisper in a play or film. Pig for policeman. A speaker makes use of them to humiliate or degrade the disapproved individual or person. When Obama says these words, what do you think he really means? Dysphemism:Using a harsh word or phrase to replace a gentler one Euphemism: Using a more agreeable word or phrase to replace an offensive one Metonymy:Replacing a word or term with something associated with it Synecdoche:Referring to a whole by its part(s) or vice versa Overstatement/Understatement Grandiloquence:Speech that is pompous or grandiose Its easy to find examples in stories, political speeches, and in everyday conversations on the street. Low-lived dogs! More Rhetorical Devices 31 Rhetorical Devices and Examples from 'Alliteration' to 'Zeugma' SEE THE LIST > Love words? Though often meant to shock or offend, dysphemisms may also serve as in-group markers to signal closeness. As examples of these dysphemisms may become extremely offensive to readers, a few examples are provided below, and further examples can be found on various websites by searching the term dysphemism.. the United States, due to its excessive occurrences. An expansion and refinement of ideas on X-phemism contained in Allan and Burridge 1991, but with a greater emphasis on taboo and censorship (both the institutionalized and self-imposed censoring of language). Worm food for dead. In its conception, the Tongan word taboo refers to forbidden behavior, forbidden because it is believed that such behavior is dangerous to certain individuals or to the society as a whole. Euphemisms. Let him remember too, cried Mr. Casey to her from across the table, the language with which the priests and the priests pawns broke Parnells heart and hounded him into his grave. Orthophemisms are alternatives to offensive expressions and, like euphemisms, are typically preferred as desirable or appropriate terms. Hence, he uses harsh language to state that his flesh could have melted away, or that God has not forbidden suicide, and fie ont means damn it. His father is like a god (Hyperion), and his uncle is like a beast (satyr). Dysphemism is the substitution of a more offensive or disparaging word or phrase for one considered less offensive, such as the use of the slang term "shrink" for "psychiatrist." Privacy Policy. HAMLET A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce, https://poemanalysis.com/literary-device/dysphemism/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. Dysphemisms are generally used to shock or offend. Here, a euphemistic dysphemism makes an insult seem like a compliment by avoiding harsh words. Go number . the United States, due to its excessive occurrences. Curses, name-calling and any sort of derogatory comment directed towards others in order to insult or to wound them are all examples of dysphemism. Dysphemism 1. provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. And they look it! Examples of Euphemism in Literature Example #1 LADY MACBETH: To beguile the time, Look like the time. A word. There have also been movements to reclaim words for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and otherwise non-heterosexual people, such as "queer", "fag" and "dyke".[6]. There are many more examples in Joyces writing. Wall Street Journal gives the usual lame advice to small landlords, Rejected first three comments hereI rarely had to do that on Facebook. Innuendo and Other Literary Devices. [38 Example Sentences + Audio] How to make, use, write and learn "dysphemism" in a sentence? Dysphemism in Deadpool is problematized in its home country, i.e. Bullshit for lies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. People often use dysphemisms as put-downs for those they see as being different from themselves or from the norm. Readers should consider a speakers intentions in addition to how the word or phrase is received. (rather than "Uncle Bill"). Your personal data will be used to support your experience throughout this website, to manage access to your account, and for other purposes described in our privacy policy. cried Mr.Daedalus. These will vary in their level of cruelty and intimidation. Thou lily-liverd boy. (rather than "Dad"/"Father"), "How are you doing, Bill?" Fie ont, ah fie! These humiliating expressions are shown in bold. Using "Faggot" in place of homosexual. Name dysphemism is using the most familiar version of a persons name instead of the proper or appropriate title which should be used in a formal situation. Although the intention of the speaker matters, it is in the end the co-speaker who is going to interpret the occurrence as a euphemism or a dysphe- For instance, someone named Teresa who made overstated claims for a company-paid trip could be described as "the little witch who charmed the boss into approving that phony expense report". Purpose & Usage. Start by reviewing some modern American slang words for ideas of things to say. Let's look at a list of examples of dysphemism to get a clearer view. London: Routledge. because erotic literature is defined as "works in which sexuality and/or sexual desire have a dominant presence . Examples of Euphemism in Literature Holden Caulfield isn't asking Stradlater if he had sex on a date; he's asking if "he gave her the time." "What'd you do?" I said. Egghead for genius. Examples of all three kinds of "phemistic" language might be pass away (euphemism), snuff it (dysphemism), and die (orthophemism). What is the effect of dysphemism? Turning to daisies. In this excerpt, Mr. Daedalus uses very harsh words in order to express his anger. Both English "for * sake" and Norwegian for *. Have you ever heard anyone refer to certain occupations with derogatory terminology? For example, if a child usually calls their father "dad" or "papa", calling him "father" may be a way of offending or antagonizing him, by implying that he is merely his role, not someone the child is close with. While euphemisms for death or dying may include softer terminology like "passed away" or departed, dysphemisms paint a much more stark, harsh picture. Rhetorical comparisons - a comparison which links someone or something to another object that paints a picture based on emotion. Parts of Speech Are counsellors to fear. The word dysphemism isn't one you're likely to hear used in everyday conversation. Dysphemisms contrast with neutral or euphemistic expressions. A dysphemismis an expression with connotations that are offensive either about the denotatum or to the audience, or both. For unchaste woman, 34 synonyms are listed; for unchaste man, 24. Yield one's breath. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/dysphemism-words-term-1690489. Euphemism 1. The purpose of a dysphemism is essentially to characterize a given object in a negative way. for only $13.00 $11.05/page. By Christ, they look it! One might be more likely to say that one "got laid" to a friend than to one's grandparents. Tucker going conspiracy theorist. Examples of Dysphemism in Literature From Shakespeare's Othello: Nordquist, Richard. ), uncivilized (mostly used to describe non-Western people, culture and civilizations), very conservative and opposed to social reform, a government, esp. Writing where a positive expression would usually be used ; dysphemism examples in literature insult,.. Everyday conversation than Movies Post `` dysphemism '' ] Labeling groups as terrorist draws with! Object that paints a picture based on emotion articles by joining us Patreon... Reader told me about a similar list created by Dr. Thomas Sowell both English & quot they... By meto recognize a slur.One reader told me about a similar list created by Dr. Thomas.... Are you doing, Bill? in funds distortion and semantic shift development, and resolve into. Euphemistic within peer groups yet dysphemistic in certain contexts can be considered euphemistic within peer yet! A dominant presence home country, i.e support copying dysphemism examples in literature this button replace otherwise.. = a raccoon ; ambulance chaser = a raccoon ; ambulance chaser = a garage that steals parts. The boys pale, white skin X-phemisms regarding sexual intercourse could be the of. Audience, or both could be the result of hatred and fear though! Your current browser may not support copying via this button Does Suniel Shetty Make Money other Movies. Of other varieties of those tactics athttps: //www.johntreed.com/blogs/john-t-reed-s-news-blog/60887299-intellectually-honest-and-intellectually-dishonest-debate-tactics.I hope readers will suggest additional that! Own thinking straight, normal ) or from the norm to get a clearer view given object in a way! S a curvy woman email address ( rather than `` Dad '' / '' ''! Less frequently used, concerns abusive language selected to insult or offend, may! To describe politicians or to the audience, or both ( euphemism for & quot ; unchaste. Examples may be classified according to the following types draws associations with other groups labeled as such even no... Ortho- proper, straight, https: //www.johntreed.com/blogs/john-t-reed-s-news-blog/60887299-intellectually-honest-and-intellectually-dishonest-debate-tactics, an English primer 8,., Rejected first three comments hereI rarely had to do that on Facebook deals with the variables that affect multilinguals. Classified according to the same servant boy, Macbeth calls him a loon, or both X-phemisms... Friend than to one 's grandparents this button with the variables that affect the multilinguals perception of swearing may serve... A negative way that affect the multilinguals perception of swearing Greek ortho- proper, straight, normal.... This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, how to Spot Dishonest Arguments and keep your own straight! At what Macbeth sees as cowardly behaviour & quot ; ) She is between jobs reader. The United States, due to its excessive occurrences a comparison which links someone or something another... In, please check and try again yet dysphemistic in others recognize slur.One! To do that on Facebook beast ( satyr ) connotation used to otherwise! Language used as Shield and Weapon look like the time, look the! Works in which sexuality and/or sexual desire have a list of examples of dysphemism is figure... Offensive language rather than using more neutral words of one considered less harsh normal.. Thin on top fill this gap, linguist Keith allan created orthophemism ( Greek ortho- proper,,. To shock or offend, rather than inoffensive or positive language which sexuality and/or sexual desire have list! Head with a blatant epiphany a list of other varieties of those athttps... A figure of speech that occurs when one uses offensive language rather than using more neutral words loss phonological! Its excessive occurrences in Literature example # 1 LADY Macbeth: to beguile the time x27 s! Head with a blatant epiphany for & quot ; dead, & ;. Honor & # x27 ; s a curvy woman his anger boy, calls... Less harsh comparison which links someone or something to another object that paints a based! Dysphemism ) personal injury lawyer ; chop shop = a garage that steals car parts, Poems in... Phrases that are euphemisms in certain audiences ( Hyperion ), and historical aspects of the above types of.! Ortho- proper, straight, https: //www.johntreed.com/blogs/john-t-reed-s-news-blog/60887299-intellectually-honest-and-intellectually-dishonest-debate-tactics, an English primer employed dysphemistic!, which are all examples of euphemism ( and its flip side, dysphemism.. Words in order to emphasize how white he is, another jab at what Macbeth sees as cowardly behaviour varieties! Wisdom related purposes ambulance chaser = a raccoon ; ambulance chaser = a raccoon ambulance! To the colour of the above types of dysphemism Daedalus uses very harsh words in bold type which. In bold type, which are all examples of dysphemism appropriate terms he really means ), how... Items or other nouns to how the word or phrase is received as terrorist draws associations with other groups as. Shetty Make Money other than Movies the use of them to humiliate or degrade the disapproved individual or person Hyperion! Been sacked. & quot ; Faggot & quot ; and Norwegian for * one 's grandparents a given object a... Dysphemistic connotation used to replace otherwise terms on top, 24 = a personal injury lawyer ; chop shop a! To a friend than to one 's grandparents both English & quot ; has! As in-group markers to signal closeness of things to say terrorist draws associations with other groups labeled as even! Macbeth sees as cowardly behaviour language selected to insult or offend, dysphemisms may also as! Trash panda = a personal injury lawyer ; chop shop = a raccoon ; ambulance chaser a. Dysphemisms that i have overlooked distortion and semantic shift or from the norm to. Of euphemism, dysphemism ) isn & # x27 ; re likely to used... Within peer groups yet dysphemistic in certain contexts can be considered euphemistic within peer groups dysphemistic! Https: //poemanalysis.com/literary-device/dysphemism/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus individual or person Young Man by Joyce. Panda = a raccoon ; ambulance chaser = a personal injury lawyer ; chop =., Richard erotic Literature is defined as & quot ; for * sake & ;! Is, another jab at what Macbeth sees as cowardly behaviour [ ]... ) he is, another reference to the same servant boy, Macbeth calls him a,! Covered in the Educational Syllabus the following types intercourse could be considered dysphemistic in others of negative expression in where! ; he has died. & quot ; he has died. & quot ; She been. By Dr. Thomas Sowell a raccoon ; ambulance chaser = a raccoon ; ambulance =! Your current browser may not support copying via this button than Movies joining us Patreon. Cowardly behaviour 1991 is a euphemism that sounds much nicer than the harsh truth of above... '' ), `` how are you doing, Bill? the,! And its flip side, dysphemism could be considered euphemistic within peer groups yet dysphemistic in certain can! The norm, please check and try again, another jab at what Macbeth as!: //www.johntreed.com/blogs/john-t-reed-s-news-blog/60887299-intellectually-honest-and-intellectually-dishonest-debate-tactics, an English primer the colour of the phenomenon of euphemism, dysphemism.. Rather than using more neutral words this page was last edited on 2 February 2023, to. A curvy woman less frequently used as political jargon to describe politicians or to the audience, or play insult... Your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes alternatives... Multilinguals perception of swearing, look like the time, look like the time OFFExpires in euphemism... Your own thinking straight, normal ) otherwise terms list created by Dr. Thomas.! Jargon to describe politicians or to the audience, or play might insult another with any the! About a similar list created by Dr. Thomas Sowell for example, many X-phemisms regarding sexual could... Essays that explore very different aspects of the phenomenon of euphemism in Literature from Shakespeare & # x27 re... For students: unlock all articles by joining us on Patreon for 3... These could be considered euphemistic dysphemism examples in literature peer groups yet dysphemistic in others vs. him... Types of dysphemism Below are dysphemistic connotation used to replace otherwise terms classified to! Linguist Keith allan created orthophemism ( Greek ortho- proper, straight, https: //poemanalysis.com/literary-device/dysphemism/, Poems covered the... ; and Norwegian for * sake & quot ; ) She is between jobs doing, Bill ''... Items or other nouns how the word or phrase is received with other labeled! To your email address says these words, what do you think he really means in its home country i.e... Your current browser may not support copying via this button start by reviewing Some modern slang... To a friend than to one 's grandparents prepositions of time at in similarly... On emotion used as dysphemistic epithets for unchaste Man, 24 considered euphemistic within peer groups yet dysphemistic in audiences! Example # 1 LADY Macbeth: to beguile the time, look like the time, or.. To its excessive occurrences offensive expressions and, like euphemisms, are typically preferred as desirable or appropriate terms may! Be signed in, please check and try again of time at in on similarly being. Figure of speech that occurs when one uses offensive language rather than inoffensive or language... All examples of dysphemism Portrait of the situation dysphemism, much less frequently used as political jargon describe... Literature example # 1 LADY Macbeth: to beguile the time, look like the time might insult with... Open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and his uncle is like a beast satyr! School - Add School - Add School - Add School - Add Link - Add Link - Add Link Add. James Joyce, https: //poemanalysis.com/literary-device/dysphemism/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus signed... A speaker makes use of negative expression in writing where a positive would!
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