New York: Basic Books. According to Erikson, integrity versus despair is the focus of _____. Mind, Self and Society, edited by C. W. Morris. He presented dilemmas to boys and asked them how they would judge the situations. Baier says some philosophers think that justice is. Sometimes sociologists and psychologists have collaborated to increase knowledge. Relational self theory posits that prior and existing relationships influence one's emotions and behaviors in interactions with new individuals, particularly those individuals that remind him or her of others in his or her life. Through socialization we learn to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes and look at the world through their perspective. “What a cute dress!” “I like the ribbons in your hair.” “Wow, you look so pretty today.”. Self-organization, or the movement toward a predefined order, is one of the critical conceptions that describe the essence of sociocultural systems. Gilligan added the dimension of gender differences to Kohlberg’s theory. An adult with an oral fixation may indulge in overeating or binge drinking. Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) was interested in how people learn to decide what is right and what is wrong. 2. Factors that affect people's focus. B) Trait. In recent years, Bandura has focused his work on the concept of self-efficacy in a variety of contexts (e.g., Bandura, 1997). Comment on their different approaches. Self-regulation is a sub-category of reinforcement contingency theories. Age-related deterioration is affecting an ever-growing number of people. He does so to argue that play is a biologically driven project of self-understanding and C) ego. Behavioral Theories: the history of psychology is the history of a field struggling to define itself as a separate and unique scientific discipline. Carl Rogers was an influential humanistic psychologist who developed a personality theory that emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in shaping human personalities. It isn’t until the teen years that the conventional theory develops, when youngsters become increasingly aware of others’ feelings and take those into consideration when determining what’s “good” and “bad.” The final stage, called postconventional, is when people begin to think of morality in abstract terms, such as Americans believing that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Would a female social scientist notice different patterns when analyzing the research? Strong bio-logical perspectives emphasize the universal nature of age and gender differences that arise from sources that are inherent in the human species such as biologically based evolved psychological dispositions (Wood & Eagly, 2002). Get Your Custom Essay on Psychology Theories & Self Reflection Just from $13,9/Page. In contrast to Freud’s focus on psychosexual stages and basic human urges, Erikson’s view of self-development gave credit to more social aspects, like the way we negotiate between our own base desires and what is socially accepted (Erikson 1982). Self theories emphasize _____. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow.However, Rogers (1959) added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). B) id. Gilligan’s research demonstrated that boys and girls do, in fact, have different understandings of morality. These previous theories maintained that reinforcement and punishment were the motivators for behavior. By this stage of development, an individual is able to imagine how he or she is viewed by one or many others—and thus, from a sociological perspective, to have a “self” (Mead 1934; Mead 1964). 1982. Self-theories emphasize a) The core self b) The meaning of self c) Self-understanding d) Self-love 2. Social control theory is situated amongst other sociological theories that focus on the role of social and familial bonds as constraints on offending. To support her assertions, Bloom cites, as one example, that about 50 percent of girls ages three to six worry about being fat (Bloom 2011). Object relations theory is an offshoot of psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes interpersonal relations, primarily in the family and especially between mother and child. Theories that explain volunteering by pointing to individual attributes can be grouped into those that emphasize motives or self-understandings on the one hand and those that emphasize rational action and cost-benefit analysis on the other. The Schwartz theory of basic values identifies ten broad personal values, which are differentiated by the underlying goal or motivation. If judiciously integrated, they can enrich our approach to unravelling and solving the elusive equation of addiction. Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan developed their ideas further and researched how our sense of morality develops. Self-hatred is expressed as either self-contempt or alienation from self. One solution to this type of gender socialization is being experimented with at the Egalia preschool in Sweden, where children develop in a genderless environment. Carl Rogers was an influential humanistic psychologist who developed a personality theory that emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in shaping human personalities. Self-theories emphasize a) The core self b) The meaning of self c) Self-understanding d) Self-love 2. You might be wondering: if sociologists and psychologists are both interested in people and their behavior, how are these two disciplines different? We also have over 10,000 quiz questions, and interactive quizzes. Erikson, Erik. How often do you tell a little boy how attractive his outfit is, how nice looking his shoes are, or how handsome he looks today? (2009) the content theories emphasize on specific factors that motivate workers with regards to certain necessities and aspirations, while the process theories emphasize on the processes and the psychological forces that have an impact on motivation. (Berger, 38) School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of \"learning.\" Rejected the emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism and functionalism. Work Attitudes and Motivation. Keep Learning. Charles Cooley and George Mead both contributed significantly to the sociological understanding of the development of self. “Genderless Preschool in Sweden.” Baby & Kids, June 28. According to Psychoanalytic theory, everything we do, every thought we have, and every emotion we experience has one of two goals: to help us survive or to prevent our … During the game stage, children learn to consider several roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other. Ψ Self theories begin with the premise that adults make choices, confront problems, & interpret reality in such a way as to define, become, & express themselves as fully as possible. Piaget, Jean. As a general difference, we might say that while both disciplines are interested in human behavior, psychologists are focused on how the mind influences that behavior, while sociologists study the role of society in shaping behavior. By illustrating that children’s self-regulation is malleable and relevant for success, adaptive configuration for parents’ attitudes and strategies can be … Self-determination theory grew out of the work of psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, who first introduced their ideas in their 1… According to Lisa Bloom, author of Think: Straight Talk for Women to Stay Smart in a Dumbed Down World, most of us use pleasantries like these when we first meet little girls. Three Essays on Theories of Sexuality. A) optimization versus compensation B) generativity versus stagnation C) integrity versus despair D) activity versus disengagement 3. Cooley, Charles Horton. D) superego. People with low self-control, according to this theory, are impulsive and insensitive to others, tend to engage in physical rather than mental activities and to take risks, and are oriented toward the short term rather than the long term. The scientific management approach is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. c. (self) Self theories emphasize the quest for self-actualization d. (positivity)The positivity effect s the tendency to remember positive images and experiences mmore than negative ones. They understood that although their government was legal, it was not morally correct. Moral development is an important part of the socialization process. Deficiency Needs vs. Growth Needs . The urge to accumulate and hold on to familiar objects and possessions to the point of. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. Classical organization theory includes the scientific management approach, Weber's bureaucratic approach, and administrative theory.. Egalia strives to eliminate all societal gender norms from these children’s preschool world. Later, George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) studied the self, a person’s distinct identity that is developed through social interaction. The most comprehensive self-theory came from a) Erik Erikson b) … The psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, or Freudian theory, is a theory about personality organisation, the dynamics between the various stages of personality development, and the impact this has on the development of human beings’ libido. “Social Deprivation in Monkeys.” Scientific American November:137–46. What do they agree on, and where do their ideas diverge? He recognized that the development of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one’s mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially (Piaget 1954). To understand this topic, he developed a theory of moral development that includes three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Bloom suggests that we start with simple steps: when introduced to a young girl, ask about her favorite book or what she likes. Key Points. theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self or the search to maintain one's integrity & identity He believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. He asserted that people’s self understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how others view them—a process termed “the looking glass self” (Cooley 1902). Everything else changed. Social identity theory was proposed in social psychology by Tajfel and his colleagues (Tajfel, 1978; Tajfel & Turner, 1979). The theory provides a framework for understanding how people actively shape and are shaped by their environment. We’re talking about kindergarteners who are concerned about their body image. tion, 2) metacognition theory, and 3) self-efficacy theory. The term refers to the way people learn what society considered to be “good” and “bad,” which is important for a smoothly functioning society. Sigmund Freud first worked … Self-categorization theory holds that people see themselves at different levels, of which the individual level is only one. Self-categorization theory, in contrast to a popular point of view in North American social psychology, asserts that human beings are and are able to act as both individual persons and social groups. He posited that people’s self-development is closely linked to early stages of development, like breastfeeding, toilet training, and sexual awareness (Freud 1905). Harlow, Harry F., and Margaret Kuenne Harlow. Describe how self-evaluation maintenance theory helps to explain how we react when other people’s behaviors threaten our sense of self. (Hockenbury, 3) While the roots of psychology date back to the philosophers of Ancient Greece, it wasn’t until 1879, when German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt created the first laboratory completely devoted to the study of psychology. 2011. Social learning theories emphasize the importance of the social context and posit that individuals can learn by observing others’ actions and whether these individuals are positively or negatively reinforced when exhibiting aggressive behaviors. Cognitive and Constructivist Learning and Motivation Theories Self-assessment is an essential component of cognitive and con-structivist theories of learning and motivation. The theory of low self-control retains the focus on restraints from engaging in crime but argues that those restraints are primarily internal. Get Essay As part of this theory, he believed that humans have two basic drives: Eros and Thanatos, or the Life and Death drives. All three of these thinkers have contributed to our modern understanding of self-development. A counterpoint to the goal-setting theory. Jean Piaget (1896–1980) was a psychologist who specialized in child development who focused specifically on the role of social interactions in their development. Self-determination theory suggests that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate and universal psychological needs. Now consider the questions and methods a psychologist might use to study the same issue. This assists us in becoming self-aware, as we look at ourselves from the perspective of the “other.” The case of Danielle, for example, illustrates what happens when social interaction is absent from early experience: Danielle had no ability to see herself as others would see her. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. 1962. His theory includes eight stages of development, beginning with birth and ending with death. Social Identity: Old Theory, New Application. They copy the actions of people with whom they regularly interact, such as their mothers and fathers. Perhaps. Self-regulatory focus theory. New York: Basic Books. Self-regulation theories emphasize the role of self-implemented reinforcers and environment-dependent reinforcers. Explain why it’s important to conduct research using both male and female participants. Extreme? By the end of this section, you will be able to: When we are born, we have a genetic makeup and biological traits. Self Theories Ψ Self theories emphasize the core self, or the search to maintain one's integrity & identity. Object relations theory attempts to explain vicissitudes of human relationships through a study of how internal representations of self and of others are structured. _____ theories of personality emphasize the development of personality early in life. It is proposed that for young people, a key aspect of social control is found within the family, particularly through interactions with and feelings towards parents. The Construction of Reality in the Child. Self theories emphasize • sexual or racial discrimination. 1954. Moral development prevents people from acting on unchecked urges, instead considering what is right for society and good for others. While control theory emphasizes the importance of social bonds as an insulating factor against criminal involvement, the general theory of crime posits that low self-control is a key factor underlying criminality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bloom asserts that we are too focused on the appearance of young girls, and as a result, our society is socializing them to believe that how they look is of vital importance. New York: Ballantine. Social identity theory is a theory designed to explain how it is that people develop a sense of membership and belonging in particular groups, and how the mechanics of intergroup discrimination work. New York: Harper and Row. Many scholars, both in the fields of psychology and in sociology, have described the process of self-development as a precursor to understanding how that “self” becomes socialized. London: Routledge. Although the process is unavoidable, it is important to understand the process. Part of what is developing in children as they grow is the fundamental cognitive part of the self, known as the self-concept. For example, a child at this stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant who together make for a smooth dining experience (someone seats you, another takes your order, someone else cooks the food, while yet another clears away dirty dishes). Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. More likely, the perspectives complement each other. Gilligan, in contrast, theorized that neither perspective was “better”: the two norms of justice served different purposes. Gilligan, Carol. They learn to understand interactions involving different people with a variety of purposes. Albert Bandura is a behavioral psychologist who came up with the concept of reciprocal determinism, in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact with and influence each other. Most moral theories emphasize duties and downplay the role of … Integrity versus Despair- … The psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, or Freudian theory, is a theory about personality organisation, the dynamics between the various stages of personality development, and the impact this has on the development of human beings’ libido. The main reason why we emphasize the motivation theory is its substantially broader explana- tory power. However, Erikson believed the personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished. Gilligan also recognized that Kohlberg’s theory rested on the assumption that the justice perspective was the right, or better, perspective. Lawrence Kohlberg was most famous for his research using moral dilemmas. He believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. People's focus is to approach pleasure or avoid pain. Time management is possible by understanding the theories, principles, and techniques proposed by scholars and philosophers who have understood its significance in life. SMH is a theory that gets at the human psychological underpinnings of addictive disorders. Describe the concept of self-presentation and the various strategies we use to portray ourselves to others. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. Social- cognitive theories of personality emphasize the role of cognitive processes, such as thinking and judging, in the development of personality. (1970). However, who we are as human beings develops through social interaction. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. A long-standing debate concerns whether all huma… Finally, children develop, understand, and learn the idea of the generalized other, the common behavioral expectations of general society. The answers are complicated, but the distinction is important to scholars in both fields. The higher your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed in a task.