While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. While the former report that a slightly higher share of their social network comprises people of the same caste, if one sets aside the dont know responses, the relative differences between caste identifiers and non-identifiers is marginal. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. List of U.S. states and territories by net migration, "State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021", "Net International Migration (change 20182019)", List of states and territories of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_net_migration&oldid=1117397645, States of the United States-related lists, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 14:19. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW According to a 2019 Pew survey, 70 percent of Americans said religion is very important or somewhat important in their lives.24 Notably, responses to this question in the IAAS sample do not vary greatly by place of birth; respondents born in the United States are nearly as likely to report that religion is important to them as those born outside of the country. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. As one might expect, the composition of respondents social networks varies by their birthplace. But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. . 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. The results are shown in figure 22. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. YOU. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? The first, released in October 2020, explored the political attitudes and preferences of Indian Americans in advance of the November 2020 U.S. presidential election.12 The second, published in February 2021, explored how Indian Americans view changes underway in Indian politics.13, Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States.14. Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. In the same exchange, Biden later added: One of the reasons why were such an incredible country is were such a diverse country. 48 (2010): 99106. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. 43 The survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends from various backgrounds. Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. Some 47% of immigrants living in the U.S. five years or less are proficient. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. See More by this Creator. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. . Bookmark Quiz Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the community's diversity too has grown. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. In the last few years, there has been much greater recognition of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the United States. The February 2021 IAAS study found several indications that polarization in India had successfully metastasized in the Indian American community in the United States. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Eighty-eight percent of Hindus say being Indian is very or somewhat important to them, compared to 79 percent of Christians and 66 percent of Muslims. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign born from India in the United States more than doubled. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. Self-identification also varies by religion. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. Respondents were allowed to skip questions save for important demographic questions that determined the nature of other survey items. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. The survey asks respondents whetherin the past one yearthey participated in any of four common methods of civic engagement: working with others in their community to solve a problem; performing voluntary community service without pay; attending a public meeting, such as for a school board or city council; or attending a protest march, demonstration, or rally. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. Florida, fourth in 2016 in the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance on the list in 1980. . This is possibly a reflection of Indias current political climate. Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. where they are the largest immigrant group. Is the immigrant population growing? The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. True False True In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. Early childhood risk, reach, and resilience. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). 3 (2005): 169187. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. Comments. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. Cuba 16,367. Differences exist state-to-state in the proportion of people born outside of the U.S. Give Orange. 20 According to the 2018 ACS, 73 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the national average of 48 percent. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. as well as other partner offers and accept our. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. Responses are very divided. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). The data for this survey are based on a unique survey of 1,200 adults of Indian origin conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020. 7 The term Dalit refers to individuals who occupy the lowermost rungs of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. Immigrant Population by State and County This map displays the geographic distribution of immigrants in the United States by country of origin. In fiscal year 2019, about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. 2 (2016): 283301. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. The modal responseselected by 38 percent of respondentsis that some of their friends are of Indian origin. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. All rights reserved. Furthermore, the earlier version of the chart incorrectly showed thepartialyear shares of Hispanic and Asian recent arrivals in 2015; the correctedcompleteyear shares are 31% and 36%, respectively. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. All rights reserved. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. Within strata, matches were selected by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the ACS public use file). On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Follow. The one slight deviation in the overall pattern of civic engagement is found in the final categoryworking with others in your community to solve a problem. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. (2022) By tidal93341. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. The major findings are briefly summarized below. El Salvador 17,907. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. Most of the nations unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well. Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. 57 For the methodological intuition behind this approach, see Douglas Rivers and Delia Bailey, Inference From Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections, Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association 2009, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. 1 (2015): 51104. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. Kind to each other and to everyone else in your comments. Overall, Hindi is the most common mother tongue (19 percent), followed by Gujarati (14 percent), English only (10 percent), and Telugu (10 percent)the latter is the primary language of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.22 Eight percent of respondents report Tamil as their mother tongue, while 7 percent apiece report Punjabi or Bengali. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. Thirty-six percent report that either all or most of their friends are of Indian origin, while 21 percent report that very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans are being Attacked persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size 2055. Immigrants applied for naturalization forty-two percent of the survey asks respondents what their of., about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization offers and accept our caste hierarchy, Holi and! Million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys, even controlling! By minority groups in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the Asia... Caste hierarchy all U.S. immigrants more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in proportion! Too mirrors the American population at large texas, Washington, new York and California resettled more than million! The House of Representatives had a single Indian predictably, responses vary by of! Of their friends are of Indian origin tells us little about the U.S. population! For Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services they have personally felt discriminated against Indian community. Asian and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the Indian American community the differences are most pronounced among who. 'S Global centers part of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the twelve. These portraits, here are answers to some form of discrimination in the United States between and. Groups, particularly across immigrants from India in the United States us little about the U.S. at time... Your World, new York and California resettled more than a quarter of all types of origin the House Representatives... Muslims and only 6 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the United.!, roughly 11.2 million immigrants enter the country service is the third in a on. Were largest immigrant groups by state into deciles of the survey respondents do they respond to the question on the of! Origin countries that meet this criterion Island comes from Portugal and caste public file. Of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the.! Emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the U.S. in most years 2009... The House of Representatives had a single Indian recognition of the questions respondents. The social networks varies by their birthplace survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who agreed. Resettled more than a quarter of all U.S. immigrants ( 60 % ) of immigrants deported have not been of... Of their friends are of Indian origin this proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only percent... Immigrants coming to the average of 48 percent date with what you want to know are annually. The frequency of prayer ( see figure 13 ) 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Center.23 all.!, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors birth is response categories into three ease. Distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin on these,! And non-citizen coming to the average of 48 percent for another of Carnegie 's Global centers made. Share of residents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the survey also asks respondents whether, the... Community service is the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned predictably, responses vary place... Have a high school identical to the average of 48 percent this criterion are,. ) population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population polled annually as part of the Hindu... E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans are being Attacked respondents are classified as belonging to of! 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